ORIGINAL ABSTRACT

Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss has evolved resistance to five herbicide modes of action (MoAs) worldwide, including multiple resistance to up to four MoAs. Seeds were collected from a putatively resistant B. scoparia population (GUI-R) that survived successive herbicide applications of synthetic auxins, acetolactate synthase (ALS), and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitors in a no-till winter cereal field in Catalonia, Spain, in 2022, to assess resistance levels and mechanisms. Dose-response assays confirmed that GUI-R was 2-, 340-, 42.7-, and 60-fold more resistant to glyphosate, thifensulfuron, MCPA, and 2,4-D, respectively, based on plant weight, and 3.2-, 123-, 57.9-, and 32-fold more resistant based on plant survival. GUI-R showed cross-resistance to imazamox (46 % survival), but not to dicamba or fluroxypyr (100 % mortality), at the label rate. Preliminary studies using malathion pre-treatment, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, reversed 2,4-D resistance in GUI-R at the label rate, resulting in a 97 % reduction in biomass. Molecular studies revealed that GUI-R has 4.9 additional copies of the EPSPS:ALS gene, with no known mutations and less shikimate accumulation than the susceptible population. ALS gene sequencing identified the Pro197Ser, Pro197Leu, and Trp574Leu mutations, along with a combined Pro197Ser + Trp574Leu mutation. In conclusion, EPSPS gene amplification and ALS mutations confer target-site resistance to glyphosate, thifensulfuron and imazamox in GUI-R. Resistance to 2,4-D and MCPA is probably driven by P450-mediated non-target-site resistance and further research is necessary to confirm mechanisms. This biotype represents the first case of glyphosate resistance in Europe for the species, as well as the first triple resistance.