ORIGINAL ABSTRACT

The increasing global use of pesticides in crop pest control has raised concerns about toxic interactions. This study investigates the interaction between glyphosate and cypermethrin formulations concerning cell death and genotoxicity. Three models were applied to assess whether the combined effects were additive, antagonistic, or synergistic: "Linear Interaction Effect", "Combination Subthresholding," and "Cooperative Effect". Key indicators, such as apoptotic nuclei, caspase 3/7 activity, early and late apoptosis, micronuclei frequency, and mitotic abnormalities, were evaluated. Results showed synergistic effects on early and late apoptosis, as indicated by the "Linear Interaction Effect" model, while morphological apoptosis markers and micronuclei frequency displayed additive effects. Caspase 3/7 activity induction was synergistic, though no interaction was observed in the combination effect. These findings suggest that agrochemical mixtures cause more severe toxic effects than individual chemicals, emphasizing the need for mechanistic studies on common environmental contaminant mixtures.